ΤΟ ΤΑΞΙΔΙ
Ο Καθηγητής 49 είναι στο εργαστήριο του επιταχυντή και δοκιμάζει το πείραμα της μετατροπής υδρογόνου σε ήλιο Οι μαθητές είναι συνδεδεμένοι on line ηλεκτρονικά και παρακολουθούν τo πείραμα και υποβάλουν ερωτήσεις.Ένα νετρίνο και ένα αντινετρίνο κατάφεραν και απέδρασαν από τον επιταχυντή.Ο καθηγητής και οι μαθητές παρακολουθούν αμήχανοι την πορεία τους. Ο καθηγητής και οι μαθητές χάνουν κάθε επαφή με τα σωματίδια. Το νετρίνο και το αντινετρίνο ξεκινούν ένα ταξίδι στο διάστημα Συναντούν τους πλανήτες του ηλιακού συστήματος, επισκέπτονται άλλα άστρα,νεφελώματα, φθάνουν στο κέντρο του γαλαξία και συναντούν μια μαύρη τρύπα. Στο ταξίδι τους συναντούν άστρα νετρονίων, λευκούς νάνους, σφαιρωτά σμήνη κλπ. Στην συνάντησή τους αυτή με όλα αυτά δίδεται μια προσπάθεια να εξηγηθούν ορισμένα θέματα εν σχέση με το θάνατο και γέννηση των άστρων. Μετά από μια διαδρομή 2,44 δις εκατομμύρια έτη φωτός από τη ΓΗ, βρίσκονται στον αστερισμό της παρθένου και αποφασίζουν να γυρίσουν πίσω στη Γη. Μετά από διαδρομή 4 δις έτη φωτός γυρνούν στο γαλαξία μας όπου οι γαλαξίες της ανδρομέδας και ο γαλαξίας που ανείκει η Γη, γλιστρούν ο ένας δίπλα από τον άλλο. Ψάχνουν να βρούν την Γη. Τελικώς ανακαλύπτουν τους απόγονους των ανθρώπων σε μια νέα Γη.
Ο Καθηγητής 49 είναι στο εργαστήριο του επιταχυντή και δοκιμάζει το πείραμα της μετατροπής υδρογόνου σε ήλιο Οι μαθητές είναι συνδεδεμένοι on line ηλεκτρονικά και παρακολουθούν τo πείραμα και υποβάλουν ερωτήσεις.Ένα νετρίνο και ένα αντινετρίνο κατάφεραν και απέδρασαν από τον επιταχυντή.Ο καθηγητής και οι μαθητές παρακολουθούν αμήχανοι την πορεία τους. Ο καθηγητής και οι μαθητές χάνουν κάθε επαφή με τα σωματίδια. Το νετρίνο και το αντινετρίνο ξεκινούν ένα ταξίδι στο διάστημα Συναντούν τους πλανήτες του ηλιακού συστήματος, επισκέπτονται άλλα άστρα,νεφελώματα, φθάνουν στο κέντρο του γαλαξία και συναντούν μια μαύρη τρύπα. Στο ταξίδι τους συναντούν άστρα νετρονίων, λευκούς νάνους, σφαιρωτά σμήνη κλπ. Στην συνάντησή τους αυτή με όλα αυτά δίδεται μια προσπάθεια να εξηγηθούν ορισμένα θέματα εν σχέση με το θάνατο και γέννηση των άστρων. Μετά από μια διαδρομή 2,44 δις εκατομμύρια έτη φωτός από τη ΓΗ, βρίσκονται στον αστερισμό της παρθένου και αποφασίζουν να γυρίσουν πίσω στη Γη. Μετά από διαδρομή 4 δις έτη φωτός γυρνούν στο γαλαξία μας όπου οι γαλαξίες της ανδρομέδας και ο γαλαξίας που ανείκει η Γη, γλιστρούν ο ένας δίπλα από τον άλλο. Ψάχνουν να βρούν την Γη. Τελικώς ανακαλύπτουν τους απόγονους των ανθρώπων σε μια νέα Γη.
“The 2012 Transit of Venus online”in the frame of the school program: «Astronomy in a provincial town»
The students of our gymnasium are really fond of astronomy. Therefore in our project we want to demonstrate the ways we use to awake children’s interest in astronomy, our methods to carry out research work and investigation of the solar system, сontributing to the development of science and pedagogical work as well, even in a small town. To see the wonders and phenomena of the sky it’s enough to have a computer, a telescope, binoculars and the most important thing– children who are interested in astronomy! And we are sure that’s exactly what we are! We are creative, motivated to learn more, encouraged to get scientific results and we are ready to work for popularization of scientific activity !
- Scientific project English.pptx (.pptx) (Open)
Study of Leonid meteor shower
What is the greatest danger facing the planet Earth? just a piece of stone speeding on the space. He flies to fifty times faster than sound. many meteors cross the Earth's orbit and they will not always fly by.
In our work, we study the Leonid meteor shower, determine radiant, thus trying to predict the possibility of large meteors fall. And also to identify new previously unknown meteor showers. Studies have shown that one studying meteor shower can be detected and have not previously known meteor showers.
We looked through pictures allskay cameras that are located at different latitudes of the globe. Viewing pictures on the background of fixed stars, we saw the finishing touches. Data strokes could be left satellite by meteor or airplane. if it was a satellite - the bar was a short, bright, in the next frame in the course of its trajectory was another of the same stroke. unless the aircraft - that was a long bar almost across the sky and painted evenly.
processing images allskay cameras revealed 750 satellites, 107 meteors and Flashes of stars - 4. Found a new meteor shower with a radiant at the junction of the Big Dipper and lynx.
We compared our date with those obtained in 2001, our results were more close to the historic radiant. Our studies have shown that the study of the a meteor shower can be determined and other radiant flows of meteor. You can fix the variability of the stars.
Odysseus Dongemond College 1
We have worked on the subject ‘Co-evolution of life”. For this subject we have done a couple of things. The first thing you will find is the description of the problem that is overpopulation. The second is about the essence of our project: ‘How can we make another planet liveable?’ Then you will find the ideas that we came up with before we even did research, those ideas are: a machine that could turn dioxide into oxygen, a space station in the orbit of Mars and an airlock that we would install on Mars so we could live in a cave on Mars. In the following boxes you will find out how we did our research and what the results are. In the last boxes is described what our conclusions are and what we have discussed about them. In the real project you will find a research about planets, an extra research about Mars, an description about our idea and why it will work and a couple of other things (which we can’t say yet because we have to consult our mentor about the relevance of those things).
through the thorns to the stars
The mankind doesn’t remain eternally on Earth, but in a pursuit of light and space, at first will shy get out of atmosphere limits, and then will win to itself all circumsolar space. K.E.Tsiolkovsky Contents 1. Relevance of the project 1-3 2. Project description 3-8 3. Realization of a plan 8-10 4. Conclusion 10-11 5. Literature 11 1.Relevance of the project What moves consciousness of people what forces them to get into space depths?What makes mankind look for a new home?Perhaps, desire to learn something new, desire to travel and make discoveries, aspiration to a scope, light and beauty?Or maybe it’s all done in a predatory colonial order, the desire to get hold of minerals on the other ”lands” of competition, the desire to step on them first, to declare their property and carry his tools of destruction with a further into space?Or perhaps phobia to be lost under meteoric blow or from epidemics and cataclysms?Though, probably, it is unconscious mission of mankind – to transfer life there where it still is not present, to change and adapt under itself a surrounding medium of other planets? Some experts express skeptical opinion concerning space colonization.The first American astronaut who has made orbital flight, John Glenn and the astronaut and the designer of spaceships Konstantin Feoktistovbelong their number, in particular.According to K.Feoktistov, activity of astronauts at all space stations gave much less results, than one automatic telescope ”Hubble”.On a planet Earth Antarctic and a seabed are not mastered as it is unefficient. Space exploration would be even more expensive and less efficient. Possibly it so, but environmental, problems of body height of the population of Earth and gradual exhaustion of its non-renewable resources, and also safety issues will push people to development of Solar system as a whole, and to creation of space settlements in particular. On the other hand, space programs are rather inexpensive. Creation of a space telescope ”Hubble” cost all 2 billion dollars, and the average annual budget of NASA is equal only to 15 billion dollars.While, on June 13, 2006, the Congress of the USA directed to 320 billion dollars on war with Iraq.This money would suffice approximately for 21 year of work of agency on space exploration. And the annual military budget of the whole world in general exceeds 1,5 trillion dollars.The imagination of the person created long ago space settlements. As an example we will remind of the project of an orbital colony ”Stenfordsky torus” – a torus, with a diameter of 1,6 km with a diameter of transverse section about 150 m.In our opinion, the essential lack of the project that is calculated on rather trace amount of colonists, so does not solve as a whole a problem of resettlement of people in a space.We made bold to offer the project of construction of a colony on number of inhabitants, comparable with number of people on Earth. In Solar system there is a necessary material for construction. For example, it is known that 10% of the meteorites which have dropped out on the earth – iron, and another 5% – iron-stony.Thus, it is possible to assume that among small bodies of Solar system enough metal will be found. There is also a water: for example, Europe, Callisto are covered with a potent layer of water ice. There is a water, there is also an oxygen.Huge planets – giants consist of Hydrogen (Jupiter of 89%, Saturn of 94%, the Uranus of 83%, the Neptune of 84% of Hydrogen in the atmosphere). Hydrogen – fuel for a power engineering (including thermonuclear).Further, today the world astronautics resolved many issues of presence of the person and the spacecrafts created for them in Open spaces of Solar system.Thus, preconditions it is available.We understand that our project looks like today the fantastical project, impracticable. But after all one nation could construct an enormous construction for the time – the Great Wall. We are sure that to the integrated mankind projects of any degree of complexity are feasible. 2.Project description The question of creation of space settlements is discussed for a long time in the scientific world. Planets of terrestrial group Mercury, Venus and Mars are difficult adapted for life of people. First two planets – hot, the last planet- cold. We took courage to offer the option of life of mankind in Solar system. Description of the space settlement. The set of huge spheres are rotates round the Sun on the close to a circular orbit. Spheres are connected among themselves by a pipe – a toroid, in it – overpasses. All construction is completely isolated from a surrounding space environment. In the settlement parameters of a surrounding medium in suitable limits for life will be supported, that is the so-called homeostasis will be created.Spheres – a place of continuous accommodation of people who we will call kosmonitami (the sphere is more preferable – at this volume it has the least surface area). The part of the sphere turned to the Sun, the transparent for visible part of a range.There is an opportunity to change its transparence for creation of change of day and night, just as on Earth. Inside the sphere is divided into two parts: one part placed under the transparent dome, is intended for farming, cultivation of the woods, placement of reservoirs, construction of dwellings.In the second pivoted aside, opposite to the Sun, life support systems, factories and plants are placed. Let’s call conditionally this construction ”Gigapolis”. Gigapolicy rotates on an orbit around the Sun (the 2nd solar escape velocity). Its plane of a perpendicular plane of a terrestrial orbit.Besides, the plane of an orbit of Gigapolis turns after annual driving of Earth round the Sun so that the distance from modules spheres to Earth approximately remains to constants (probably it through the collinear point of Lagrange lying between the Sun and Earth).In system the Sun – Earth it is located in 1 500 000 km from Earth. In this case, probably, it is possible to neglect the tidal forces from Earth. The small distance will allow to maintain close relation with Earth. Let the sphere will be calculated on accommodation of number of people, for example, equal to number of inhabitants in Minsk.Considering that in Minsk lives 2 million inhabitants (1 901 700 people for 2012), at the density of 6123 people/km2, we will receive the area of 327 sq.km. The circle with a radius about 10 km has such area. So, the population of the city of Minsk, will hold in the sphere with a radius of 10 km. To place the population numbering 8 000 000 000, 4 000 spheres are required. In an orbit with a radius of 1 astronomical unit it is possible to place about 90 000 such modules spheres. Artificial gravity For creation of Artificial gravity, the sphere rotate round an axis passing through the center of a toroid, with a speed, such that the centripetal acceleration is equal to a free fall acceleration on Earth (g = 9,81 m / с2). It is known that in the absence of terrestrial gravitation the body of the person will very quickly atrophy (generally muscles, bodies and heart fabric — a cardiac muscle). Protection of inhabitants. Space – the habitat unsuitable for accommodation of the person. Only technical devices recreating living conditions on Earth (the simulated biosphere), will allow (and already allowed) to leave to the person in space for long-term accommodation. Here only even the most perfect device can refuse. Therefore protection against any accidents have to be arranged. Collective protection ofkosmonit. The most severe accident in an outer space – room depressurization. On this case in a design of a dome possibility of an autoreduction has to be provided. The emergency service has to work legiblly.For kosmonit within step availability the emergency space suits, oxygen stocks, the emergency stock of a delivery with possibility of its use have to be prepared at the put-on space suit. It seems to us that there will be no hermetic partitions superfluous in a torus, like hermetic partitions on the submarine. The material of a dome has to bear blows of shallow meteorites. Personal protection of kosmonit. Designers create kosmonitov such suits that, while remaining within the fashion of the time, they are, in the event of loss or fire, can take the form of light suits, allowing access to emergency spacesuit higher degree of protection and the supply of oxygen (air). In 1965, due to damaged NASA spacesuit astronaut was within 15 seconds exposed to vacuum (less than 1 bar) in the pressure chamber. The man was still in the minds of the first 14 seconds, and then, by the way, survived.Taking into account all factors of influence of vacuum on the person really he can live without consequences for an organism till 5-6 seconds. Therefore, during this time the suit has to become a slight space suit. Protection of the against a sunshine. From all range of electromagnetic radiations has to rescue a dome. The material of a dome passes visible radiation and detains all other range as it is done by an Earth’s atmosphere. As, the solar wind consists generally of electrons, protons and helium kernels (cores of other elements and not ionization particles contain in very slight quantity) it is possible to reject them a magnetic field. Each sphere – Gigapolis’s module has the magnetic field which becomes like ”armor” for space particles (as a terrestrial magnetic field). Protection of the settlement against space bodies – asteroids, kernels of comets, meteoric swarms and separate meteorites. The gigapolicy has service of keeping track of by an outer space. Service tasks: is well-timed to find potentially dangerous space objects. After detection work is entered by the patrol ships. Having joined a space body and having strongly fixed on it, draft of the engines, they change the speed of this body so that it flew by the settlement, without having done harm. Transport connection. a)Trains in a tunnel. In Gigapolis there has to be a good message between the separate modules spheres in fact being megalopolises. For this purpose in a torus overpasses are laid. There are roads for cars and for trains. There is a vacuum tunnel for high-speed trains. Each megalopolis has the economic specifics and without good transport connection Gigapolis’s economy will not be able to develop. b)Spaceships. Movement of goods and people and through an outer space is not excluded. Spaceships of different function are for this purpose constructed. They help to hold communication with Earth. c)Solar clipper, solar lasers. For flights in the remote parts of Solar system spaceships are used. They have traditional jets: on chemical fuel, or nuclear, or still some. For flights on the suburb of Solar system to planets to giants and their satellites, to Koyper and Oort’s zones, they use a solar sail. Let’s call these ships solar clippers. For acceleration of flights near the Sun there are huge high-power lasers. The rating at them goes with use of solar energy. The potent beam of these lasers is caught by sails of solar clippers. Power providing megalopolis. Gigapolis’s normal functioning requires a large amount of energy. Receive it in the different ways. 1)Solar panels. This is the traditional method of energy in space. Solar panels take up a huge area around Gigapolisa. They are held in orbit ion engines (to compensate for the pressure of sunlight.) 2) Nuclear power engineering. Also traditional way of obtaining energy division of heavy-nuclei of uranium and plutonium. The size of a contribution of this type of a power engineering in a common power system will depend on existence accessible to uranium use in Solar system. 3) Hydrogen from a solar wind. The magnetic field of spheres of Gigapolis collects space particles and sends to the generator MGD-channel. As, the solar wind consists generally of electrons, protons and helium kernels, dividing particles on a charge sign (analog of MGD – the generator), a quantity of energy can be received in such a way. Moreover, applying the corresponding membranes, it is possible to accumulate Hydrogen and helium. 4 .Thermonuclear power engineering.Hydrogen delivery by means of spacecrafts from the atmosphere of giant planets. By the time of Gigapolis’s construction operated thermonuclear fusion will be carried out. Compact hydrogen power plants give necessary energy. Hydrogen is delivered by automatic winged spaceships, taking away it from the atmospheres of giant planets. 3. Realization of a plan. Exercise of such project on forces to only the integrated mankind. Will build Gigapolis sequentially a stage behind a stage. a) Stages of construction of Gigapolis. 1 .Terrestrial period. On Earth technical and technological issues will be resolved, the construction project will be created. Then on the earth and on Earth orbit the first semi-automatic plants will be constructed, them will tow off to the Sun, an energy source (Mercury use is possible). Of products of these plants will build Gigapolis, and also new structural plants. 2. Space period. b) Plants on refusion of breeds and receiving metals. These plants apparently have to be near the Sun, is closer, than an orbit of Mercury or on the planet. c)Energy sources for refusion of breeds. The Sun gives it. Melting plants use the energy of the Sun transformed to electric energy by means of solar batteries or immediately, by its focusing by means of mirrors. d) Zone of asteroids, satellites of giant planets, Koyper and Oort’szone as storeroom of the useful minerals. For receiving structural materials small bodies of a belt of asteroids, asteroid type satellites of giant planets, dwarfish planets and asteroids of a belt of Koyper and a comet of a belt of Oort will be used. e) Delivery of asteroids to melting plants. By means of a solar clipper create bases in above-mentioned places of Solar system. Probably, such long-term settlement will place in an asteroid. Robots, using draft of express rockets, direct on particular orbits asteroids to the Sun on processing plants (the nature realized long ago this project: by Earth fly by both comets, and asteroids).At dispersal gravitational fields of planets – giants, and for planet braking Mercury and Venus (so-called perturbation maneuvers) will be used. At approach they are met by other ships and tow on working platforms of plants. Ready modules are transported to a place of assembly of Gigapolis. e) Environmental issues in Solar system.Already today the person not the beginner in a space: satellites, spaceships plow an outer space. But what we see? The huge number of the garbage flying in a zone of an attraction of Earth and even is far beyond its limits. Mastering near space, filled its orbits with thousand fragments of rockets and satellites, but still we do not take any measures against bombings of an Earth’s atmosphere them oddments.Burning down, they with unknown consequences influence on Wednesday in which we live. I think that already today we have to speak about an ecological disaster of near space. And what will be when the person becomes a kosmonists? People will have to develop technologies of a salvage of the activity.Probably, waste products will come back to Koyper’s belt, will be probably dumped on the Sun (if it does not break stability of a star). It seems to me that after the corresponding processing they will be stored in a point in an orbit of Earth, opposite to position of Earth (where looked for Protivozemlya). Finally, the double of Earth will be constructed. 4. Conclusion We hope that between Gigapolis’s inhabitants there will be no hostility and profit relations, and there will be friendship and cooperation relations. Almost inevitably arising at close communication of a sliding friction between people will be eliminated with psychological service. What will happen to the planet Earth? On earth will finally be cleaned up. Away all weapons, including weapons of mass destruction. Environmental problems will be solved, if only because many of the production will be put into space. It is possible to claim that already today there are technical preconditions for implementation of similar projects. Economic feasibility and good will of inhabitants of Earth is necessary 5.Literature 1. BA Vorontsov-Velyaminov Essays about the universe. – Moscow: ”Nauka”, 1976. 1. Galuza IV, VA Golubev, AA Shimbalev Astronomy. Textbook for grade 11. – Mіnsk: ”People asvet
The mankind doesn’t remain eternally on Earth, but in a pursuit of light and space, at first will shy get out of atmosphere limits, and then will win to itself all circumsolar space. K.E.Tsiolkovsky Contents 1. Relevance of the project 1-3 2. Project description 3-8 3. Realization of a plan 8-10 4. Conclusion 10-11 5. Literature 11 1.Relevance of the project What moves consciousness of people what forces them to get into space depths?What makes mankind look for a new home?Perhaps, desire to learn something new, desire to travel and make discoveries, aspiration to a scope, light and beauty?Or maybe it’s all done in a predatory colonial order, the desire to get hold of minerals on the other ”lands” of competition, the desire to step on them first, to declare their property and carry his tools of destruction with a further into space?Or perhaps phobia to be lost under meteoric blow or from epidemics and cataclysms?Though, probably, it is unconscious mission of mankind – to transfer life there where it still is not present, to change and adapt under itself a surrounding medium of other planets? Some experts express skeptical opinion concerning space colonization.The first American astronaut who has made orbital flight, John Glenn and the astronaut and the designer of spaceships Konstantin Feoktistovbelong their number, in particular.According to K.Feoktistov, activity of astronauts at all space stations gave much less results, than one automatic telescope ”Hubble”.On a planet Earth Antarctic and a seabed are not mastered as it is unefficient. Space exploration would be even more expensive and less efficient. Possibly it so, but environmental, problems of body height of the population of Earth and gradual exhaustion of its non-renewable resources, and also safety issues will push people to development of Solar system as a whole, and to creation of space settlements in particular. On the other hand, space programs are rather inexpensive. Creation of a space telescope ”Hubble” cost all 2 billion dollars, and the average annual budget of NASA is equal only to 15 billion dollars.While, on June 13, 2006, the Congress of the USA directed to 320 billion dollars on war with Iraq.This money would suffice approximately for 21 year of work of agency on space exploration. And the annual military budget of the whole world in general exceeds 1,5 trillion dollars.The imagination of the person created long ago space settlements. As an example we will remind of the project of an orbital colony ”Stenfordsky torus” – a torus, with a diameter of 1,6 km with a diameter of transverse section about 150 m.In our opinion, the essential lack of the project that is calculated on rather trace amount of colonists, so does not solve as a whole a problem of resettlement of people in a space.We made bold to offer the project of construction of a colony on number of inhabitants, comparable with number of people on Earth. In Solar system there is a necessary material for construction. For example, it is known that 10% of the meteorites which have dropped out on the earth – iron, and another 5% – iron-stony.Thus, it is possible to assume that among small bodies of Solar system enough metal will be found. There is also a water: for example, Europe, Callisto are covered with a potent layer of water ice. There is a water, there is also an oxygen.Huge planets – giants consist of Hydrogen (Jupiter of 89%, Saturn of 94%, the Uranus of 83%, the Neptune of 84% of Hydrogen in the atmosphere). Hydrogen – fuel for a power engineering (including thermonuclear).Further, today the world astronautics resolved many issues of presence of the person and the spacecrafts created for them in Open spaces of Solar system.Thus, preconditions it is available.We understand that our project looks like today the fantastical project, impracticable. But after all one nation could construct an enormous construction for the time – the Great Wall. We are sure that to the integrated mankind projects of any degree of complexity are feasible. 2.Project description The question of creation of space settlements is discussed for a long time in the scientific world. Planets of terrestrial group Mercury, Venus and Mars are difficult adapted for life of people. First two planets – hot, the last planet- cold. We took courage to offer the option of life of mankind in Solar system. Description of the space settlement. The set of huge spheres are rotates round the Sun on the close to a circular orbit. Spheres are connected among themselves by a pipe – a toroid, in it – overpasses. All construction is completely isolated from a surrounding space environment. In the settlement parameters of a surrounding medium in suitable limits for life will be supported, that is the so-called homeostasis will be created.Spheres – a place of continuous accommodation of people who we will call kosmonitami (the sphere is more preferable – at this volume it has the least surface area). The part of the sphere turned to the Sun, the transparent for visible part of a range.There is an opportunity to change its transparence for creation of change of day and night, just as on Earth. Inside the sphere is divided into two parts: one part placed under the transparent dome, is intended for farming, cultivation of the woods, placement of reservoirs, construction of dwellings.In the second pivoted aside, opposite to the Sun, life support systems, factories and plants are placed. Let’s call conditionally this construction ”Gigapolis”. Gigapolicy rotates on an orbit around the Sun (the 2nd solar escape velocity). Its plane of a perpendicular plane of a terrestrial orbit.Besides, the plane of an orbit of Gigapolis turns after annual driving of Earth round the Sun so that the distance from modules spheres to Earth approximately remains to constants (probably it through the collinear point of Lagrange lying between the Sun and Earth).In system the Sun – Earth it is located in 1 500 000 km from Earth. In this case, probably, it is possible to neglect the tidal forces from Earth. The small distance will allow to maintain close relation with Earth. Let the sphere will be calculated on accommodation of number of people, for example, equal to number of inhabitants in Minsk.Considering that in Minsk lives 2 million inhabitants (1 901 700 people for 2012), at the density of 6123 people/km2, we will receive the area of 327 sq.km. The circle with a radius about 10 km has such area. So, the population of the city of Minsk, will hold in the sphere with a radius of 10 km. To place the population numbering 8 000 000 000, 4 000 spheres are required. In an orbit with a radius of 1 astronomical unit it is possible to place about 90 000 such modules spheres. Artificial gravity For creation of Artificial gravity, the sphere rotate round an axis passing through the center of a toroid, with a speed, such that the centripetal acceleration is equal to a free fall acceleration on Earth (g = 9,81 m / с2). It is known that in the absence of terrestrial gravitation the body of the person will very quickly atrophy (generally muscles, bodies and heart fabric — a cardiac muscle). Protection of inhabitants. Space – the habitat unsuitable for accommodation of the person. Only technical devices recreating living conditions on Earth (the simulated biosphere), will allow (and already allowed) to leave to the person in space for long-term accommodation. Here only even the most perfect device can refuse. Therefore protection against any accidents have to be arranged. Collective protection ofkosmonit. The most severe accident in an outer space – room depressurization. On this case in a design of a dome possibility of an autoreduction has to be provided. The emergency service has to work legiblly.For kosmonit within step availability the emergency space suits, oxygen stocks, the emergency stock of a delivery with possibility of its use have to be prepared at the put-on space suit. It seems to us that there will be no hermetic partitions superfluous in a torus, like hermetic partitions on the submarine. The material of a dome has to bear blows of shallow meteorites. Personal protection of kosmonit. Designers create kosmonitov such suits that, while remaining within the fashion of the time, they are, in the event of loss or fire, can take the form of light suits, allowing access to emergency spacesuit higher degree of protection and the supply of oxygen (air). In 1965, due to damaged NASA spacesuit astronaut was within 15 seconds exposed to vacuum (less than 1 bar) in the pressure chamber. The man was still in the minds of the first 14 seconds, and then, by the way, survived.Taking into account all factors of influence of vacuum on the person really he can live without consequences for an organism till 5-6 seconds. Therefore, during this time the suit has to become a slight space suit. Protection of the against a sunshine. From all range of electromagnetic radiations has to rescue a dome. The material of a dome passes visible radiation and detains all other range as it is done by an Earth’s atmosphere. As, the solar wind consists generally of electrons, protons and helium kernels (cores of other elements and not ionization particles contain in very slight quantity) it is possible to reject them a magnetic field. Each sphere – Gigapolis’s module has the magnetic field which becomes like ”armor” for space particles (as a terrestrial magnetic field). Protection of the settlement against space bodies – asteroids, kernels of comets, meteoric swarms and separate meteorites. The gigapolicy has service of keeping track of by an outer space. Service tasks: is well-timed to find potentially dangerous space objects. After detection work is entered by the patrol ships. Having joined a space body and having strongly fixed on it, draft of the engines, they change the speed of this body so that it flew by the settlement, without having done harm. Transport connection. a)Trains in a tunnel. In Gigapolis there has to be a good message between the separate modules spheres in fact being megalopolises. For this purpose in a torus overpasses are laid. There are roads for cars and for trains. There is a vacuum tunnel for high-speed trains. Each megalopolis has the economic specifics and without good transport connection Gigapolis’s economy will not be able to develop. b)Spaceships. Movement of goods and people and through an outer space is not excluded. Spaceships of different function are for this purpose constructed. They help to hold communication with Earth. c)Solar clipper, solar lasers. For flights in the remote parts of Solar system spaceships are used. They have traditional jets: on chemical fuel, or nuclear, or still some. For flights on the suburb of Solar system to planets to giants and their satellites, to Koyper and Oort’s zones, they use a solar sail. Let’s call these ships solar clippers. For acceleration of flights near the Sun there are huge high-power lasers. The rating at them goes with use of solar energy. The potent beam of these lasers is caught by sails of solar clippers. Power providing megalopolis. Gigapolis’s normal functioning requires a large amount of energy. Receive it in the different ways. 1)Solar panels. This is the traditional method of energy in space. Solar panels take up a huge area around Gigapolisa. They are held in orbit ion engines (to compensate for the pressure of sunlight.) 2) Nuclear power engineering. Also traditional way of obtaining energy division of heavy-nuclei of uranium and plutonium. The size of a contribution of this type of a power engineering in a common power system will depend on existence accessible to uranium use in Solar system. 3) Hydrogen from a solar wind. The magnetic field of spheres of Gigapolis collects space particles and sends to the generator MGD-channel. As, the solar wind consists generally of electrons, protons and helium kernels, dividing particles on a charge sign (analog of MGD – the generator), a quantity of energy can be received in such a way. Moreover, applying the corresponding membranes, it is possible to accumulate Hydrogen and helium. 4 .Thermonuclear power engineering.Hydrogen delivery by means of spacecrafts from the atmosphere of giant planets. By the time of Gigapolis’s construction operated thermonuclear fusion will be carried out. Compact hydrogen power plants give necessary energy. Hydrogen is delivered by automatic winged spaceships, taking away it from the atmospheres of giant planets. 3. Realization of a plan. Exercise of such project on forces to only the integrated mankind. Will build Gigapolis sequentially a stage behind a stage. a) Stages of construction of Gigapolis. 1 .Terrestrial period. On Earth technical and technological issues will be resolved, the construction project will be created. Then on the earth and on Earth orbit the first semi-automatic plants will be constructed, them will tow off to the Sun, an energy source (Mercury use is possible). Of products of these plants will build Gigapolis, and also new structural plants. 2. Space period. b) Plants on refusion of breeds and receiving metals. These plants apparently have to be near the Sun, is closer, than an orbit of Mercury or on the planet. c)Energy sources for refusion of breeds. The Sun gives it. Melting plants use the energy of the Sun transformed to electric energy by means of solar batteries or immediately, by its focusing by means of mirrors. d) Zone of asteroids, satellites of giant planets, Koyper and Oort’szone as storeroom of the useful minerals. For receiving structural materials small bodies of a belt of asteroids, asteroid type satellites of giant planets, dwarfish planets and asteroids of a belt of Koyper and a comet of a belt of Oort will be used. e) Delivery of asteroids to melting plants. By means of a solar clipper create bases in above-mentioned places of Solar system. Probably, such long-term settlement will place in an asteroid. Robots, using draft of express rockets, direct on particular orbits asteroids to the Sun on processing plants (the nature realized long ago this project: by Earth fly by both comets, and asteroids).At dispersal gravitational fields of planets – giants, and for planet braking Mercury and Venus (so-called perturbation maneuvers) will be used. At approach they are met by other ships and tow on working platforms of plants. Ready modules are transported to a place of assembly of Gigapolis. e) Environmental issues in Solar system.Already today the person not the beginner in a space: satellites, spaceships plow an outer space. But what we see? The huge number of the garbage flying in a zone of an attraction of Earth and even is far beyond its limits. Mastering near space, filled its orbits with thousand fragments of rockets and satellites, but still we do not take any measures against bombings of an Earth’s atmosphere them oddments.Burning down, they with unknown consequences influence on Wednesday in which we live. I think that already today we have to speak about an ecological disaster of near space. And what will be when the person becomes a kosmonists? People will have to develop technologies of a salvage of the activity.Probably, waste products will come back to Koyper’s belt, will be probably dumped on the Sun (if it does not break stability of a star). It seems to me that after the corresponding processing they will be stored in a point in an orbit of Earth, opposite to position of Earth (where looked for Protivozemlya). Finally, the double of Earth will be constructed. 4. Conclusion We hope that between Gigapolis’s inhabitants there will be no hostility and profit relations, and there will be friendship and cooperation relations. Almost inevitably arising at close communication of a sliding friction between people will be eliminated with psychological service. What will happen to the planet Earth? On earth will finally be cleaned up. Away all weapons, including weapons of mass destruction. Environmental problems will be solved, if only because many of the production will be put into space. It is possible to claim that already today there are technical preconditions for implementation of similar projects. Economic feasibility and good will of inhabitants of Earth is necessary 5.Literature 1. BA Vorontsov-Velyaminov Essays about the universe. – Moscow: ”Nauka”, 1976. 1. Galuza IV, VA Golubev, AA Shimbalev Astronomy. Textbook for grade 11. – Mіnsk: ”People asvet
