ODYSSEUS CONTEST 2013
PROJECT:
A NEW HYPOTHESIS FOR CREATION OF THE MOON
Team Vanguard
Supervisor: Anton Yordanov Sotirov
Students:
Lachezar Vasilev Stanchev
Thomas Borisov Rasulski
School: Gymnasium of natural and mathematical sciences “Prof. Emanuil Ivanov”-Kyustendil , Bulgaria
Together with Association Club “Vanguard”
“Gentlemen, all of you undoubtedly have seen the Moon – or at least have heard about it”. These words of Jules Verne, published in the book of Zdenek Kopal “The realm of the terrestrial planets” (1990) clearly show the writer`s sarcasm towards the people who have never thought about the importance of the Moon and its influence on the Earth. The Moon is the first better studied cosmic body from the people. From prehistoric times determination of the Moon phases was used for navigation and as a measurement for time. The month has become a measure before the ancient people began to definite the year using location of the Sun. The Moon is the reason for the ebbs and flows, for the monthly cycle of life of many organisms. In a strange way the Moon protects us from a big part of the cosmic invaders by taking the hits of the cosmic bodies with her opposite side. With one word, the Moon gives a very quick answer to one question, which is highly ignored by the self-confident representatives of the modern mankind, and namely: Do the cosmic bodies influence the life on planet Earth?
There are few hypothesizes about the creation of the Moon which we won`t try to confute and only will give their deserved place. For example the Moon was an accidentally passing near the Earth cosmic body which was caught from the planet`s gravitation. Or that the Moon was created from the primary cosmic cloud of the Solar System, and was established formed with the Earth taking the place of a second bigger core (Polikarpov, 1948).
Another popular hypothesis of the 21 century is a catastrophic scenario about a crash between planet Earth and a cosmic body the size of planet Mars, which was divided from the Earth`s matter, and created the Moon (Wikipedia). The same scenario became popular also for the concept of the dinosaurs disappearance after a collision with a comet or a meteor . One of the most logical hypothesizes actually is the oldest and namely the Moon was created as a result of the rotation of the Earth matter was divided as a result of the centrifugal forces and at the place of separation a huge hole was formed which was filled by an ocean.
We would like to describe our idea about this fundamental for science question – How was created the Moon and why it is so important for us?
When we discuss a hypothesizes usually indirect proves and facts should be used, which are authentic and logically bounded. There are not wrong hypothesizes, but there are hypothesizes which are supported with few facts or non-confirmed with experimental tests, as well as hypothesizes better proved with them. Hypothesis comes from ancient Greek language and means – suggested explanation of specific phenomenon. For this reason we propose the hypothesis and after which the discussion on it.
Hypothesis: The Earth was created from the primary cosmic matter – gases and dust, after the condensation of matter around a kernel – center before about 4,54 billion years and was formed as a separate planet in the Solar System. Nothing new so far.
After the cooling of the Earth the planet became solid enough and the gravitation and centrifugal forces became stronger, but the Earth was still melted magma, which was similar to dough. As a result of the centrifugal forces a part of light melted magma began to separate itself in single body similar to butter producing in oil-factories. This fraction is logical to be separated at that place where the centrifugal forces were the strongest at that time – at the equator. At the same time this light fraction of magma moved to the upper part of the planet`s mantle as the Earth`s crust was not well formed. When this fraction was thick enough it began to separate as independent body under the influence of the centrifugal forces and it overcame gravity and was divided from the Earth’s “dough”. It has happened before about 20 million years after creation of the Earth and about 50 million years after creation of the Solar System. This way the Moon goes on her own cosmic way in the Universe as she continues to take away from the Earth, but it is suggested that this is a two way moving. Still nothing new till now. We suggest that the majority of planets in the Solar System were created this way, through separation of matter as a result of the Sun`s rotation.
The new in this hypothesis is the place of separation of the Moon from the Earth and facts in support of this hypothesis and its importance for the development of our planet and the life on Earth. The suggestion is that the Moon was divided from the Earth at the place of the cotemporary oceans is not quite possible for us, because the still melted and soft Earth would have filled in the gap where the crust was and moreover in case of dividing dough into two parts an extended part is formed, which connects both parts until the cutting which a result of the stretching forces. There is proof for this extended part of the Earth, where the Moon was divided and that is the first continent called Pangaea (some authors think that there were earlier continents existing such as Rodinia and Panotia, but we will hold on to Pangaea). The place of where the dividing happened can be seen on the Moon as well and that is the crater with the stripes called “Ejecta”, which gives the face of the larger part of the Moon’s surface. Most scientists think that at that place a huge amount of lava was ejected in the past. The extension of the Earth’s matter was so large that after the dividing for a long period of time the Moon’s matter could not gather in one piece of “dough” and the Earth still remains extended at the place of dividing in the equatorial zone. Even the after creation of the oceans they could not cover the extended part with water. Now days we can claim that thanks to the Moon we are able to enjoy the Earth in her present form as well as the presence of land and the development of land`s creations due the good sister of our planet. At the place of division with the Moon on Earth the first man was born and first ancient civilizations had been developed. The deepest part of the Tetis Sea (the Pacific Ocean) probably had been the first water basin on our planet which had been the house of the first water life. Without a huge part of its bulk and weight the Earth began to cool quicker and the processes of the creation of crust and oceans as well as life on Earth accelerated.
This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that the age of the Moon which is approximately 4,52 billion years and is close to the age of the Earth (4,54 billion years). Moreover the matter of the Earth’s satellite has a similar composition to the light basalt layer (Marinov, 1989) in the upper part of the Earth’s mantle, exactly where the lunar matter was created. Even more we dare to claim that the place of the division of Moon from the Earth is the place of cotemporary Sahara desert and a part of the Mediterranean. The scientist still can not explain the huge amount of sand and gravel in this desert. The answer of this question could be that they are the “crumbs” of the place where the separation of the Moon from the Earth’s “dough” happened. Light fractions of quartz and feldspar remained as a huge remainder of this phenomenon with cosmic dimension which returned to Earth under the influence of Earth’s gravitation and formed the most lunar landscape of our planet. A part of it can be seen at the Moon, the other part was spilled over the equator, but a large amount scattered again at the place of division, over the equatorial part of the first ancient continent Pangaea. The equatorial territory of ancient Pangaea was North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, the northern part of South America and southern part of North America. At the moment these places are desert areas with huge amounts of sand and gravel. Desert Sahara in Africa, Arabian Desert in the Arabian Peninsula, Desert Mohave in the USA, Desert Menades de Coro in Venezuela, deserts Tatakoa and Guahiri in Columbia, the Baya deserts in California, Sonoran and Chihuahuan in Mexico. These areas are the hottest places of our planet. Have you ever asked yourself, are only the strong sunshine and lack of rains the reasons for the highest temperatures in the world? Many areas have the same sunshine and precipitations, but temperatures do not reach these of Sahara. There are investigations that under the old place of Pangaea, the mantle is still hot and is trying to rise again. As a result Africa rises of several meters above the other continents. Maybe the temperature which comes from the depth contributes for the creation of the deserts as well as it doesn’t only heat the Earth’s depth, but chases the humid air masses and light basalt collected from the centrifugal forces of the Earth tries divide again.
The diameter of the Moon is 3476 km (Nikolov et al. 1978). The length of cotemporary Sahara is about 5000 km, but having in mind the collapse of the Moon after it`s cooling and extension of Sahara duo to moving sand, the area of tearing amazingly matches . The diameter of the Moon is ¼ parts the diameter of the Earth and the continents all together compose ¼ parts of the Earth`s space. An interesting fact is that many countries which populated Sahara used from ancient times the symbol of the Moon – the lunar crescent .What is more, only archaeologists can tell whether the pyramids built in honor of the Moon by the ancient people are located in the same areas.
The Moon has the shape of an egg with her extended part oriented towards the place where it was divided from the Earth and after the cooling she remained with her sharper part facing the Earth. Moreover the Moon`s orbit around the Earth continues to be synchronized with the orbit set by our planet during the time of division with a little deviation of 5,15º degrees towards the Earth’s ecliptic duo to the influence of the Sun and other sky bodies. Present hypothesis give answer to the question “Whether the Earth is or isn`t a double planet”. Yes, it is a double planet, because of the fact that about ¼ parts of the Earth’s bulk was divided and gravitates near and both of them influence each other. Both sky bodies have a common gravitation center, and the observant scientist will notice that when the sky bodies arrange in a line Sun-Moon-Earth, the cases of earthquakes, hurricanes and volcanoes increases.
According to us, it is wrong to suggest that Pangaea is the place, where in a concrete moment of Earth’s history the continents were gathered together. Pangaea is the first continent – land, which was created as a result of the division with the Moon due to the centrifugal forces and remained uncovered by water after the cooling of Earth. This continent had existed for a very long period of time, until about before 200 million years when at the same place the gathered remains of light magma began to influence enough tension and the continents and Pangaea had been divided into pieces, at places where the magma flows influenced the strongest – between the center and edges of Pangaea. By this way the rest continents were created and started their own sail in the Earth’s mantle, which was still melted and liquid. Firstly the continents Lavrasia and Gondwana were created. Lavrasia consisted of Europe, North America, Asia, while Gondwana consisted of Africa, Antarctica, North America, Australia, Arabian Peninsula, and India. All of them went on their own way following the flows of magma in the mantle. In contradiction to the rising of the continent Pangaea on the opposite side of our planet began a sink down of Sea Tetis. Mariana fall has analogical dimensions with length 2000 km and depth 11 km and it created the first ancient sea at the same time before about 180-200 million years and continues to move down.
This hypothesis for the creation of the Moon and its connection with the creation of the continents gives an answer to the question for the development of life on Earth. For example, it gives an answer for the mystery behind the disappearing of dinosaurs who existed before about 230 million years and had survived after the division of Pangaea. But when the continents moved apart far too much from each other, their climate changed and life conditions such as temperature, humidity and vegetation fundamentally changed. The ecosystems changed and most of them dramatically. The existence of one enormous continent that was a huge land space with enough gravitation forces for the whole moisture in the atmosphere to fall on the planet in the form of enormous amounts of water which were poured out on Pangaea surface. The temperature was high which was an advantaged for the development of huge amounts of vegetable mass and big cold-blooded animals. The ecosystem of dinosaurs was destroyed after Pangaea was torn to pieces and especially after the division of the continents.
In conclusion it is important to notice, that it is time when the cotemporary science should stop using comfortable excuses about catastrophic hypothesizes, which are scenarios for boring and uniformed films for the end of the world. The Nature has it`s own logics, the cosmic bodies in the Universe are connected to each other, according to the will of the Creator. Many phenomenons and facts about our planet which influence on our existence have cosmic dimensions, but all of them are connected to each other and are in balance. The mankind has only the right to study the world around it and to use the knowledge in order to live better and in harmony with the Nature and the Cosmos.
Reference:
Zdenek, K. (1990). The realm of the terrestrial planets. Edition house “Nauka i izkustvo”, Sofia, 208 pp.
Marinov, T. (1989) Petrography. Edition house “Tehnika”, Sofia, 302 pp.
Nikolov, N., Kalinkov, M., Makedonski, D. (1978). Astronomy. Edition house “Narodna prosveta”, Sofia, 111 pp.
Polikarpov, A. (1948). Atom and the Universe. Edition house “Narodna prosveta”, Sofia, 343 pp.
Our web-based project gives a chance for children, as well as adults, to expand their knowledge in the sphere of Astrobiology. For example, how the Earth was created, who are the most famous scientist, is there life within the solar system and what the SETI project is. The web-site also includes a test and a gallery that may inspire interest on the topic in those who are eager for knowledge. What is more, the project is available in both Bulgarian(http://astrobiology-bg.hit.bg/) and English(http://astrobiology-eng.hit.bg/). Project File is Available here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/
Η εργασία μας περιλαμβάνει μια μελέτη που πραγματοποιήσαμε για την πιθανότητα ανάπτυξης ζωής και ατμόσφαιρας στον πλανήτη Άρη συγκρίνοντας κυρίως τα χαρακτηριστικά των δύο πλανητών καθώς και την ανάπτυξη των εγκαταστάσεων στον κόκκινο πλανήτη.
Η ιδέα μας εστιάστηκε στο γεγονός ότι η Γη δεν είχε ατμόσφαιρα στην μορφή που την ξέρουμε σήμερα και όλα ξεκίνησαν όταν τα κυανοβακτήρια - που μεταφέρθηκαν στον πλανήτη μας σύμφωνα με τη θεωρία της Πανσπερμίας - άρχισαν να απορροφούν το διοξείδιο του άνθρακα και να σχηματίζουν με τη φωτοσύνθεση οξυγόνο.
Το τυχαίο γεγονός της ανάπτυξης της ζωής στη Γη, μας έδωσε το έναυσμα να ασχοληθούμε με την στοχευμένη ανάπτυξη της ζωής στον Άρη. Πιστεύουμε ότι με την εργασία μας θα δημιουργήσουμε ευνοϊκότερο κλίμα και θα ενθαρρύνουμε μελλοντικές αποστολές στον Άρη αφού η αναζήτηση νέων κόσμων είναι επιβεβλημένη με τόσα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζει η Γη.
Τα συμπεράσματα μας δείχνουν ότι οι διαφορές μεταξύ της Γης και του Άρη δεν είναι και τόσο σημαντικές και τα εμπόδια δεν είναι ανυπέρβλητα. Με τη βοήθεια της υψηλής τεχνολογίας, της Φυσικής και της Βιολογίας μπορούμε να ελπίζουμε ότι στο μέλλον η κατοικισιμότητα άλλων πλανητών δε θα μένει σε θεωρητικό επίπεδο αλλά θα μπορεί να γίνει πραγματικότητα.
http://odysseuscontest.weebly.com
- Data analysis.xlsx (.xlsx) (Open)
- Plant.zip (google sketch up) (.zip)
- e-Book.pdf (.pdf) (Open)
- PRWS.docx (.docx) (Open)
- Mars Planters.pptx (.pptx) (Open)
New LinkSTRADO-SPHERE! An exploration of the effects of extreme altitude on the harmonics of vibrating metal wires from a miniature violin.
STRADO-SPHERE
We launch a miniature Stradovarious violin to 30 kilometers in the stratosphere
Discovering the location of the polar winds in the stratosphere particularly in the Arctic region is important in understanding the impact of global warming and its effect on the speed and direction of these high currents.
On December 6, 2012 Team Farsund launched a high altitude balloon to 30 km in the upper stratosphere to measure the effect of extreme altitude on the properties of vibrating metal wire in a miniature Stradovarius violin in an investigation of these high polar winds.
Project Strado-Sphere discovered interesting harmonics at 27 km in the stratosphere over Norway. We believe we have discovered a relatively simple method to detect the polar jet stream in the high polar winds above Norway .This is our third high altitude balloon project. It has been our most exciting and rewarding project .
The projects primary mission was to discover the effect of extreme altitude on the characteristics of the audio captured during the launch and the violin’s ascent to 30 kilometers in the stratosphere.
Our findings indicate dramatic changes at 58 degrees of latitude at 27 kilometers altitude. Because the location of the polar jet stream is generally accepted at 60 degrees latitude our findings at the lower latitude may indicate a shifting south of this particular current.
The highlight of the project was a series of three special concerts created around the balloon video. Led by the popular physicist and educator Andreas Wahl our violin video highlighted a concert called SVINGNINGER by the Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra on January 19, 2013. Over 5000 fifth grade students and adults were captivated by an electrifying performance of Gustav Holst’s Jupiter in the Oslo Concert Hall during these three concerts.
While our violin ascended up thru the clouds the orchestra captivated the audience with a rousing musical performance of Holst’s Jupiter Opus 32,The Bringer of Jollity. The concert culminated with the cymbals crashing and the audience standing in a long round of applause as the violin reached it’s zenith.We seek to motivate fellow students globally to cooperate and work together in this wonderful and exciting world of near space exploration.
Here is the link to our STRADO-SPHERE Report:http://www.odysseus-contests.eu/wp-content/uploads/contest/shortOdysseues%20Reportedited215LAST.pdf
- Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra (.png)
- Violin at 30 km (.png)
- Project StradoSphere (.png)
- Svein Eirik (.png)
- Looking Down at Launch (.png)
- GPS Tracking (.png)
- Looking Up! (.png)
- Over the clouds! (.png)
- Helping Hands (.png)
- Per Olav (.png)
- Theoretical Landing (.png)
- One second after launch (.png)
- Up It Goes! (.png)
- Audio (.png)
- Our 60 inch parachute (.png)
- The Violin (.png)
- Team Farsund (.png)
- Strado-Sphere Multimedia Report (.pdf) (Open)
- The Arrow of Odysseus (.png)
- Jon and Chris with Per Olav (.png)
- MAIN PROJECT REPORT (.pdf) (Open)
- Odysseus 2013 Space Violin-Our 3rd HAB (View)
- White Eagle 1-Our 1st HAB Project (View)
- Close Up of Violin 30 km while strings play (View)
- Teddynaut-Our 2nd HAB (View)
- Odysseus Launch to 30 Km 98 minute video (View)
- Odysseus 2013 Balloon Launch HD (View)
- GoPro Mounted Beneath Balloon (View)
- High Altitude Balloon launch from Algård, Norway (View)
- Ballong i rommett forberedelse (View)
- Strato-Varius Violin in the Upper STRATO-SPHERE (View)
- Balloon Burst Calculator (View)
- Showing off the balloon (View)
- My ten year old Norwegian students send a payload to 33 km in space (View)
- Add Title (View)
The co-evolution of life:
the way we can generate energy in space with lunar soil.
we will examine 1. a history of spacecrafts and missions, 2. description of spacecrafts and
3. their missions and also what a spacecraft / spaceship is composed of
Θα εξετάσουμε την ιστορία των διαστημοπλοίων και των αποστολών τους, μια περιγραφή των διαστημικών αποστολών καθώς επίσης και από τι αποτελείται ένα διαστημόπλοιο
- Εργασία μαθητών ΓΕΛ ΜΑΡΤΙΝΟΥ ΦΘΙΩΤΙΔΑΣ PRWS_odysseus_el_spacehunters_20120210.docx (.docx) (Open)
